Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) System in Opportunistic Screening and Diagnostic Population in a Middle-income Nation.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) in mammography in a diverse population from a middle-income nation and compares it to traditional methods. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 543 mammograms of 467 Malays, 48 Chinese, and 28 Indians in a middle-income nation. Three breast radiologists interpreted the examinations independently in two reading sessions (with and without AI support). Breast density and BI-RADS categories were assessed, comparing the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) results. RESULTS: Of 543 mammograms, 69.2% had lesions detected. Biopsies were performed on 25%(n=136), with 66(48.5%) benign and 70(51.5%) malignant. Substantial agreement in density assessment between the radiologist and AI software (κ =0.606, p < 0.001) and the BI-RADS category with and without AI (κ =0.74, p < 0.001). The performance of the AI software was comparable to the traditional methods. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV or radiologists alone, radiologist + AI, and AI alone were 81.9%,90.4%,56.0%, and 97.1%; 81.0%, 93.1%,55.5%, and 97.0%; and 90.0%,76.5%,36.2%, and 98.1%, respectively. AI software enhances the accuracy of lesion diagnosis and reduces unnecessary biopsies, particularly for BI-RADS 4 lesions. The AI software results for synthetic were almost similar to the original 2D mammography, with AUC of 0.925 and 0.871, respectively. CONCLUSION: AI software may assist in the accurate diagnosis of breast lesions, enhancing the efficiency of breast lesion diagnosis in a mixed population of opportunistic screening and diagnostic patients. KEY MESSAGES: • The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in mammography for population-based breast cancer screening has been validated in high-income nations, with reported improved diagnostic performance. Our study evaluated the usage of an AI tool in an opportunistic screening setting in a multi-ethnic and middle-income nation. • The application of AI in mammography enhances diagnostic accuracy, potentially leading to reduced unnecessary biopsies. • AI integration into the workflow did not disrupt the performance of trained breast radiologists, as there is a substantial inter-reader agreement for BI-RADS category assessment and breast density.

Magnetic resonance imaging features of invasive breast cancer association with the tumour stromal ratio.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between breast cancer tumour stroma and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 84 patients with treatment-naïve invasive breast cancer were enrolled into this retrospective study. The tumour stroma ratio (TSR) was estimated from the amount of tumour stroma in the pathology specimen of the breast tumour. The MRI images of the patients were analysed based on Breast Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (ACR-BIRADS) for qualitative features which include T2- weighted, diffusion-weighted images (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) for kinetic features. The mean signal intensity (SI) of Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR), with the ratio of STIR of the lesion and pectoralis muscle (L/M ratio) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value, were measured for the quantitative features. Correlation tests were performed to assess the relationship between TSR and MRI features. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between the margin of mass, enhancement pattern, and STIR signal intensity of breast cancer and TSR. There were 54.76% (n = 46) in the low stromal group and 45.24% (n = 38) in the high stromal group. A significant association were seen between the margin of the mass and TSR (p = 0.034) between the L/M ratio (p <0.001), and between STIR SI of the lesion and TSR (p<0.001). The median L/M ratio was significantly higher in the high TSR group as compared to the lower TSR group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Breast cancer with high stroma had spiculated margins, lower STIR signal intensity, and a heterogeneous pattern of enhancement. Hence, in this preliminary study, certain MRI features showed a potential to predict TSR.

Clinical usefulness of abbreviated mri protocol in breast cancer detection.

BACKGROUND: The use of breast MRI for screening has increased over the past decade, mostly in women with a high risk of breast cancer. Abbreviated breast MRI (AB-MR) is introduced to make MRI a more accessible screening modality. AB-MR decreases scanning and reporting time and the overall cost of MRI. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of abbreviated MRI protocol in detecting breast cancer in screening and diagnostic populations, using histopathology as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a single-centre retrospective cross-sectional study of 134 patients with 198 histologically proven breast lesions who underwent full diagnostic protocol contrast-enhanced breast MRI (FDP-MR) at the University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) from 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2019. AB-MR was pre-determined and evaluated with regard to the potential to detect and exclude malignancy from 3 readers of varying radiological experiences. The sensitivity of both AB-MR and FDP-MR were compared using the McNemar test, where both protocols' diagnostic performances were assessed via the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Inter-observer agreement was analysed using Fleiss Kappa. RESULT: There were 134 patients with 198 lesions. The average age was 50.9 years old (range 27 - 80). A total of 121 (90%) MRIs were performed for diagnostic purposes. Screening accounted for 9.4% of the cases, 55.6% (n=110) lesions were benign, and 44.4% (n=88) were malignant. The commonest benign and malignant lesions were fibrocystic change (27.3%) and invasive ductal carcinoma (78.4%). The mean sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for AB-MR were 0.96, 0.57, 0.68 and 0.94, respectively. Both AB-MR and FDP-MR showed excellent diagnostic performance with AUC of 0.88 and 0.96, respectively. The general inter-observer agreement of all three readers for AB-MR was substantial (k=0.69), with fair agreement demonstrated between AB-MR and FDP-MR (k=0.36). CONCLUSION: The study shows no evidence that the diagnostic efficacy of AB-MR is inferior to FDP-MR. AB-MR, with high sensitivity, has proven its capability in cancer detection and exclusion, especially for biologically aggressive cancers.

Evaluation of SNPs associated with mammographic density in European women with mammographic density in Asian women from South-East Asia.

PURPOSE: Mammographic density (MD), after accounting for age and body mass index (BMI), is a strong heritable risk factor for breast cancer. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 64 SNPs in 55 independent loci associated with MD in women of European ancestry. Their associations with MD in Asian women, however, are largely unknown. METHOD: Using linear regression adjusting for age, BMI, and ancestry-informative principal components, we evaluated the associations of previously reported MD-associated SNPs with MD in a multi-ethnic cohort of Asian ancestry. Area and volumetric mammographic densities were determined using STRATUS (N = 2450) and Volpara™ (N = 2257). We also assessed the associations of these SNPs with breast cancer risk in an Asian population of 14,570 cases and 80,870 controls. RESULTS: Of the 61 SNPs available in our data, 21 were associated with MD at a nominal threshold of P value < 0.05, all in consistent directions with those reported in European ancestry populations. Of the remaining 40 variants with a P-value of association > 0.05, 29 variants showed consistent directions of association as those previously reported. We found that nine of the 21 MD-associated SNPs in this study were also associated with breast cancer risk in Asian women (P < 0.05), seven of which showed a direction of associations that was consistent with that reported for MD. CONCLUSION: Our study confirms the associations of 21 SNPs (19/55 or 34.5% out of all known MD loci identified in women of European ancestry) with area and/or volumetric densities in Asian women, and further supports the evidence of a shared genetic basis through common genetic variants for MD and breast cancer risk.

A Radiomics Study: Classification of Breast Lesions by Textural Features from Mammography Images.

This study investigates the feasibility of using texture radiomics features extracted from mammography images to distinguish between benign and malignant breast lesions and to classify benign lesions into different categories and determine the best machine learning (ML) model to perform the tasks. Six hundred and twenty-two breast lesions from 200 retrospective patient data were segmented and analysed. Three hundred fifty radiomics features were extracted using the Standardized Environment for Radiomics Analysis (SERA) library, one of the radiomics implementations endorsed by the Image Biomarker Standardisation Initiative (IBSI). The radiomics features and selected patient characteristics were used to train selected machine learning models to classify the breast lesions. A fivefold cross-validation was used to evaluate the performance of the ML models and the top 10 most important features were identified. The random forest (RF) ensemble gave the highest accuracy (89.3%) and positive predictive value (66%) and likelihood ratio of 13.5 in categorising benign and malignant lesions. For the classification of benign lesions, the RF model again gave the highest likelihood ratio of 3.4 compared to the other models. Morphological and textural radiomics features were identified as the top 10 most important features from the random forest models. Patient age was also identified as one of the significant features in the RF model. We concluded that machine learning models trained against texture-based radiomics features and patient features give reasonable performance in differentiating benign versus malignant breast lesions. Our study also demonstrated that the radiomics-based machine learning models were able to emulate the visual assessment of mammography lesions, typically used by radiologists, leading to a better understanding of how the machine learning model arrive at their decision.

Artificial intelligence, BI-RADS evaluation and morphometry: A novel combination to diagnose breast cancer using ultrasonography, results from multi-center cohorts.

PURPOSE: To develop and validate a machine learning (ML) model for the classification of breast lesions on ultrasound images. METHOD: In the present study, three separate data cohorts containing 1288 breast lesions from three countries (Malaysia, Iran, and Turkey) were utilized for MLmodel development and external validation. The model was trained on ultrasound images of 725 breast lesions, and validation was done separately on the remaining data. An expert radiologist and a radiology resident classified the lesions based on the BI-RADS lexicon. Thirteen morphometric features were selected from a contour of the lesion and underwent a three-step feature selection process. Five features were chosen to be fed into the model separately and combined with the imaging signs mentioned in the BI-RADS reference guide. A support vector classifier was trained and optimized. RESULTS: The diagnostic profile of the model with various input data was compared to the expert radiologist and radiology resident. The agreement of each approach with histopathologic specimens was also determined. Based on BI-RADS and morphometric features, the model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.885, which is higher than the expert radiologist and radiology resident performances with AUC of 0.814 and 0.632, respectively in all cohorts. DeLong's test also showed that the AUC of the ML protocol was significantly different from that of the expert radiologist (ΔAUCs = 0.071, 95%CI: (0.056, 0.086), P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: These results support the possible role of morphometric features in enhancing the already well-excepted classification schemes.

Impact of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging on surgery and eligibility for intraoperative radiotherapy in early breast cancer.

We looked at the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in decision-making and surgical management of patients selected for intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT). We also compared lesion size measurements in different modalities (ultrasound (US), mammogram (MMG), MRI) against pathological size as the gold standard. 63 patients eligible for IORT based on clinical and imaging criteria over a 34-month period were enrolled. All had MMG and US, while 42 had additional preoperative MRI for locoregional preoperative staging. Imaging findings and pathological size concordances were analysed across the three modalities. MRI changed the surgical management of 5 patients (11.9%) whereby breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and IORT was cancelled due to detection of satellite lesion, tumor size exceeding 30mm and detection of axillary nodal metastases. Ten of 42 patients (23.8%) who underwent preoperative MRI were subjected to additional external beam radiotherapy (EBRT); 7 due to lymphovascular invasion (LVI), 2 due to involved margins, and 1 due to axillary lymph node metastatic carcinoma detected in the surgical specimen. Five of 21 (23.8%) patients without prior MRI were subjected to additional EBRT post-surgery; 3 had LVI and 2 had involved margins. The rest underwent BCS and IORT as planned. MRI and MMG show better imaging-pathological size correlation. Significant increase in the mean 'waiting time' were seen in the MRI group (34.1 days) compared to the conventional imaging group (24.4 days). MRI is a useful adjunct to conventional imaging and impacts decision making in IORT. It is also the best imaging modality to determine the actual tumour size.

Overlap of high-risk individuals predicted by family history, and genetic and non-genetic breast cancer risk prediction models: implications for risk stratification.

BACKGROUND: Family history, and genetic and non-genetic risk factors can stratify women according to their individual risk of developing breast cancer. The extent of overlap between these risk predictors is not clear. METHODS: In this case-only analysis involving 7600 Asian breast cancer patients diagnosed between age 30 and 75 years, we examined identification of high-risk patients based on positive family history, the Gail model 5-year absolute risk [5yAR] above 1.3%, breast cancer predisposition genes (protein-truncating variants [PTV] in ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, PALB2, BARD1, RAD51C, RAD51D, or TP53), and polygenic risk score (PRS) 5yAR above 1.3%. RESULTS: Correlation between 5yAR (at age of diagnosis) predicted by PRS and the Gail model was low (r=0.27). Fifty-three percent of breast cancer patients (n=4041) were considered high risk by one or more classification criteria. Positive family history, PTV carriership, PRS, or the Gail model identified 1247 (16%), 385 (5%), 2774 (36%), and 1592 (21%) patients who were considered at high risk, respectively. In a subset of 3227 women aged below 50 years, the four models studied identified 470 (15%), 213 (7%), 769 (24%), and 325 (10%) unique patients who were considered at high risk, respectively. For younger women, PRS and PTVs together identified 745 (59% of 1276) high-risk individuals who were not identified by the Gail model or family history. CONCLUSIONS: Family history and genetic and non-genetic risk stratification tools have the potential to complement one another to identify women at high risk.

MRI Breast: Current Imaging Trends, Clinical Applications, and Future Research Directions.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive and advanced imaging technique in diagnosing breast cancer and is essential in improving cancer detection, lesion characterization, and determining therapy response. In addition to the dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) technique, functional techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI), and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) further characterize and differentiate benign and malignant lesions thus, improving diagnostic accuracy. There is now an increasing clinical usage of MRI breast, including screening in high risk and supplementary screening tools in average-risk patients. MRI is becoming imperative in assisting breast surgeons in planning breast-conserving surgery for preoperative local staging and evaluation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy response. Other clinical applications for MRI breast include occult breast cancer detection, investigation of nipple discharge, and breast implant assessment. There is now an abundance of research publications on MRI Breast with several areas that still remain to be explored. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the clinical trends of MRI breast with emphasis on imaging features and interpretation using conventional and advanced techniques. In addition, future research areas in MRI breast include developing techniques to make MRI more accessible and costeffective for screening. The abbreviated MRI breast procedure and an area of focused research in the enhancement of radiologists' work with artificial intelligence have high impact for the future in MRI Breast.

Spindle Cell Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Metaplastic breast carcinoma is an uncommon malignancy that constitutes < 5% of all breast cancers. There are 5 subtypes which are spindle cell, squamous cell, carcinosarcoma, matrix-producing and metaplastic with osteoclastic giant cells. Spindle cell carcinoma represents approximately <0.3% of invasive breast carcinomas. It is typically a triple-negative cancer with distinct pathological characteristics, but relatively a non-conclusive on imaging findings. CASE REPORT: An elderly lady presented with an enlarging painful left breast lump for one year. Palpable left breast lump was found on clinical examination. Mammography demonstrated a high density, oval lesion with a partially indistinct margin. Corresponding ultrasound showed a large irregular heterogeneous lesion with solid-cystic areas. Histopathology showed atypical spindle-shaped cells that stained positive for cytokeratins and negative for hormone and human epidermal growth factor receptors, which favoured spindle cell metaplastic carcinoma. Left mastectomy and axillary dissection were performed, and the final diagnosis was consistent with metaplastic spindle cell carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Spindle cell carcinoma of the breast is a rare and aggressive histological type of carcinoma, which may present with benign features on imaging. Tissue diagnosis is essential for prompt diagnosis with multidisciplinary team discussion to guide management and improve patient's outcomes.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Phenotypes of Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive imaging modality in detecting breast cancer. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the role of human extracted MRI phenotypes in classifying molecular subtypes of breast cancer. METHODS: We performed a literature search of published articles on the application of MRI phenotypic features in invasive breast cancer molecular subtype classifications by radiologists' interpretation on Medline Complete, Pubmed, and Google scholar from 1st January 2000 to 31st March 2021. Of the 1453 literature identified, 42 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: All studies were case-controlled, retrospective study and research-based. The majority of the studies assessed the MRI features using American College of Radiology- Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR-BIRADS) classification and using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) kinetic features, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) values, and T2 sequence. Most studies divided invasive breast cancer into 4 main subtypes, luminal A, luminal B, HER2, and triple-negative (TN) cancers, and used 2 readers. We present a summary of the radiologists' extracted breast MRI phenotypical features and their correlating breast cancer subtypes classifications. The characteristic features are morphology, enhancement kinetics, and T2 signal intensity. We found that the TN subtype has the most distinctive MRI features compared to the other subtypes and luminal A and B have many similar features. CONCLUSION: The MRI features which are predictive of each subtype are the morphology, internal enhancement features, and T2 signal intensity, predominantly between TN and the rest. Radiologists' visual interpretation of some of MRI features may offer insight into the respective invasive breast cancer molecular subtype. However, current evidence are still limited to "suggestive" features instead of a diagnostic standard.  Further research is recommended to explore this potential application, for example, by augmentation of radiologists' visual interpretation by artificial intelligence.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Shear Wave Elastography as an Adjunct Tool in Detecting Axillary Lymph Nodes Metastasis.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the diagnostic performance of shear wave elastography (SWE) in differentiating between benign and axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis in breast carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Breast lesions and axillae of 107 patients were assessed using B-mode ultrasound and SWE. Histopathology was the diagnostic gold standard. RESULTS: In metastatic axillary lymph nodes, qualitative SWE using color patterns had the highest area under curve (AUC) value, followed by B-mode Ultrasound (cortical thickening >3 mm) and quantitative SWE using Emax of 15.2 kPa (AUC of 81.3%, 70.1%, and 61.2%, respectively). Qualitative SWE exhibited better diagnostic performance than the other two parameters, with sensitivity of 96.0% and specificity of 56.1%. Combination of B-mode Ultrasound (using cortical thickness of >3 mm as cut-off point) and qualitative SWE (Color patterns of 2 to 4) showed sensitivity of 71.6%, specificity of 95%, PPV of 96%, NPV of 66.7%, and accuracy of 80.4%. CONCLUSION: Qualitative SWE assessment exhibited higher accuracy compared to quantitative values. Qualitative SWE as an adjunct to B-mode ultrasound can further improve the diagnostic accuracy of metastatic ALN in breast cancer.

Characterisation of protein-truncating and missense variants in PALB2 in 15 768 women from Malaysia and Singapore.

BACKGROUND: Rare protein-truncating variants (PTVs) in partner and localiser of BRCA2 (PALB2) confer increased risk to breast cancer, but relatively few studies have reported the prevalence in South-East Asian populations. Here, we describe the prevalence of rare variants in PALB2 in a population-based study of 7840 breast cancer cases and 7928 healthy Chinese, Malay and Indian women from Malaysia and Singapore, and describe the functional impact of germline missense variants identified in this population. METHODS: Mutation testing was performed on germline DNA (n=15 768) using targeted sequencing panels. The functional impact of missense variants was tested in mouse embryonic stem cell based functional assays. RESULTS: PTVs in PALB2 were found in 0.73% of breast cancer patients and 0.14% of healthy individuals (OR=5.44; 95% CI 2.85 to 10.39, p<0.0001). In contrast, rare missense variants in PALB2 were not associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Whereas PTVs were associated with later stage of presentation and higher-grade tumours, no significant association was observed with missense variants in PALB2. However, two novel rare missense variants (p.L1027R and p.G1043V) produced unstable proteins and resulted in a decrease in homologous recombination-mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks. CONCLUSION: Despite genetic and lifestyle differences between Asian and other populations, the population prevalence of PALB2 PTVs and associated relative risk of breast cancer, are similar to those reported in European populations.

Polygenic risk scores for prediction of breast cancer risk in Asian populations.

PURPOSE: Non-European populations are under-represented in genetics studies, hindering clinical implementation of breast cancer polygenic risk scores (PRSs). We aimed to develop PRSs using the largest available studies of Asian ancestry and to assess the transferability of PRS across ethnic subgroups. METHODS: The development data set comprised 138,309 women from 17 case-control studies. PRSs were generated using a clumping and thresholding method, lasso penalized regression, an Empirical Bayes approach, a Bayesian polygenic prediction approach, or linear combinations of multiple PRSs. These PRSs were evaluated in 89,898 women from 3 prospective studies (1592 incident cases). RESULTS: The best performing PRS (genome-wide set of single-nucleotide variations [formerly single-nucleotide polymorphism]) had a hazard ratio per unit SD of 1.62 (95% CI = 1.46-1.80) and an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.635 (95% CI = 0.622-0.649). Combined Asian and European PRSs (333 single-nucleotide variations) had a hazard ratio per SD of 1.53 (95% CI = 1.37-1.71) and an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.621 (95% CI = 0.608-0.635). The distribution of the latter PRS was different across ethnic subgroups, confirming the importance of population-specific calibration for valid estimation of breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION: PRSs developed in this study, from association data from multiple ancestries, can enhance risk stratification for women of Asian ancestry.

Classification of Breast Cancer Lesions in Ultrasound Images by Using Attention Layer and Loss Ensemble in Deep Convolutional Neural Networks.

The reliable classification of benign and malignant lesions in breast ultrasound images can provide an effective and relatively low-cost method for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. The accuracy of the diagnosis is, however, highly dependent on the quality of the ultrasound systems and the experience of the users (radiologists). The use of deep convolutional neural network approaches has provided solutions for the efficient analysis of breast ultrasound images. In this study, we propose a new framework for the classification of breast cancer lesions with an attention module in a modified VGG16 architecture. The adopted attention mechanism enhances the feature discrimination between the background and targeted lesions in ultrasound. We also propose a new ensembled loss function, which is a combination of binary cross-entropy and the logarithm of the hyperbolic cosine loss, to improve the model discrepancy between classified lesions and their labels. This combined loss function optimizes the network more quickly. The proposed model outperformed other modified VGG16 architectures, with an accuracy of 93%, and also, the results are competitive with those of other state-of-the-art frameworks for the classification of breast cancer lesions. Our experimental results show that the choice of loss function is highly important and plays a key role in breast lesion classification tasks. Additionally, by adding an attention block, we could improve the performance of the model.

Is pre-operative axillary ultrasound alone sufficient to determine need for axillary dissection in early breast cancer patients?

ABSTRACT: Pre-operative status of axillary lymph node (ALN) in early breast cancer is usually initially assessed by pre-operative ultrasound, followed by ultrasound-guided needle biopsy (UNB) confirmation. Patients with positive nodal status will undergo axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), while those with negative nodal status will have sentinel lymph node biopsy. ALND is associated with higher morbidity than Sentinel lymph node biopsy. The objective of this study is to determine if axillary ultrasound alone without UNB is predictive enough to assign patients to ALND and to identify ultrasound features that are significantly associated with pathologically positive ALN.383 newly diagnosed primary breast cancer patients between 2012 and 2014, and who had undergone pre-operative axillary ultrasound in University Malaya Medical Centre with a complete histopathology report of the axillary surgery were retrospectively reviewed. ALN was considered positive if it had any of these features: cortical thickening > 3 mm, loss of fatty hilum, hypoechoic solid node, mass-like appearance, round shape and lymph node size > 5 mm. Post-operative histopathological reports were then analyzed for nodal involvement.The overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of pre-operative axillary ultrasound in detecting diseased nodes were 45.5%, 80.7%, and 60.3% respectively. The positive (PPV) and negative predictive values were 76.5% and 51.8%. Round shape, loss of fatty hilum and mass-like appearance had the highest PPVs of 87%, 83% and 81.6% respectively and significant odds ratios (ORs) of 5.22 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.52 - 17.86), ORs of 4.77 (95% CI: 2.62 - 8.70) and ORs of 4.26 (95% CI: 2.37 - 7.67) respectively (P-value < .05). Cortical thickness of > 3 mm was identified to have low PPV at 69.1%, ORs of 1.71 (95% CI: 0.86 - 3.41, P = .126).There are features on axillary ultrasound that confer high PPV for axillary involvement i.e. round shape, loss of fatty hilum, and mass-like appearance. In a low resource setting, these features may benefit from ALND without further pre-operative biopsies. However, pre-operative UNB for features with low PPV that is, cortical thickness > 3 mm should be considered to obviate the unnecessary morbidity associated with ALND.

Desmoid Type Fibromatosis of the Breast Masquerading as Breast Carcinoma: Value of Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Correlation.

Desmoid type fibromatosis of the breast is a rare stromal tumor that accounts for <0.2% of all breast tumors. Bilateral and multicentric lesions are extremely rare, with only less than ten cases reported in the literature. Although benign, it is locally aggressive with frequent recurrence in up to almost one-third of the cases. We experienced our first case of bilateral multicentric breast fibromatosis in a 19-year-old woman, with a paternal aunt diagnosed with breast cancer at age 30, who presented to our institution with the chief complaint of retracted nipples for 1 year. The patient denied any history of trauma to her chest. Sonography showed suspicious bilateral hypoechoic masses. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed for further evaluation because of the extensive involvement of both the breasts. This report aimed to illustrate the main clinical, radiological, and histopathological characteristics of this rare disease to increase awareness of this entity and discuss the role of MRI.

Spectrum of imaging findings of papillary breast disease: A radiopathological review in a tertiary center.

ABSTRACT: To evaluate the clinical and imaging findings of papillary breast neoplasm and review the pathologic correlation at a tertiary center.Retrospective study of patients diagnosed with benign and malignant papillary lesions between 2008 to 2018. 147 patients were identified with histology diagnosis of papillary lesions. The clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics were reviewed.Patient cohort included 147 women diagnosed with papillary lesions (mean age at diagnosis 53.8 years) and were divided into 3 histology groups (benign, atypical, and malignant). Common clinical presentations were breast lump (n = 60) and nipple discharge (n = 29), 48 patients were asymptomatic.Only 37 were detected as a mass lesion on mammogram. The presence of mass lesion on mammogram was the most common feature in all 3 papillary lesion groups, and with the presence of asymmetric density, were the 2 mammographic features significantly associated (P < .05) with malignancy.All lesions were detected on ultrasound. The most common sonographic features for all 3 groups were the presence of a mass and irregular shape. Among all the sonographic features assessed, larger size, presence of vascularity and absence of dilated ducts were significantly associated (P < .05) with malignancy.Feature pattern recognition of the variety of benign, atypical and malignant papillary neoplasm on ultrasound and mammogram, with emphasis on size, presence of vascularity and dilated ducts on ultrasound and presence of mass, and architectural distortion on mammogram, is important in the assessment of patients with suspected ductal lesions to facilitate optimal treatment and surgical care.

Comparison of two-dimensional synthesized mammograms versus original digital mammograms: a quantitative assessment.

This study objectively evaluates the similarity between standard full-field digital mammograms and two-dimensional synthesized digital mammograms (2DSM) in a cohort of women undergoing mammography. Under an institutional review board-approved data collection protocol, we retrospectively analyzed 407 women with digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and full-field digital mammography (FFDM) examinations performed from September 1, 2014, through February 29, 2016. Both FFDM and 2DSM images were used for the analysis, and 3216 available craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) view mammograms altogether were included in the dataset. We analyzed the mammograms using a fully automated algorithm that computes 152 structural similarity, texture, and mammographic density-based features. We trained and developed two different global mammographic image feature analysis-based breast cancer detection schemes for 2DSM and FFDM images, respectively. The highest structural similarity features were obtained on the coarse Weber Local Descriptor differential excitation texture feature component computed on the CC view images (0.8770) and MLO view images (0.8889). Although the coarse structures are similar, the global mammographic image feature-based cancer detection scheme trained on 2DSM images outperformed the corresponding scheme trained on FFDM images, with area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.878 ± 0.034 and 0.756 ± 0.052, respectively. Consequently, further investigation is required to examine whether DBT can replace FFDM as a standalone technique, especially for the development of automated objective-based methods.